Learning outcomes of fourth-grade students in Civics education (PPKn) at SD Negeri 1 Watubelah were still below the minimum mastery criterion, largely because instruction remained teacher-centered and did not accommodate students' varied learning styles. This study examined the effect of the Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic (VAK) learning model on the learning outcomes of fourth-grade students in the topic of Indonesia's cultural diversity. A quantitative quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group was used, involving 33 students in the experimental class (IV B) and 36 in the control class (IV A), selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected through a 15-item multiple-choice test (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.892) and observation sheets, then analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Levene's homogeneity test, an independent-samples t-test, and the N-Gain test. The results showed the average posttest score of the experimental class (85.55) was higher than that of the control class (71.03), with a significant difference (t = 11.573; Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05), so H0 was rejected. The average N-Gain of the experimental class (69.35%) fell into the "fairly effective" category, while the control class (36.69%) fell into the "ineffective" category. It is concluded that the VAK learning model has a significant positive effect on students' PPKn learning outcomes.

Formats

PDF (reading now)
Article page

Published in

Journal of Education and Teaching Learning
Vol.4 No.2 October (2026)

Pages

References 19

P.R. Amruddin, et al., Quantitative Research Methodology, 2022.
J. Archambault, The Effect of Developing Kinematics Concepts Graphically Before Introducing Algebraic Problem-Solving Techniques, Action Research, Arizona State University, 2008.
Elisa et al., The effect of the VAK (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic) learning model on the science learning outcomes of grade IV students of SD Negeri 147 Pekanbaru, 2019.
A. Firmansyah, D. Setiana, F. Fikriyah, Analysis of improving student literacy using Let's Read Asia media at SDN Pasirayu, ULIL ALBAB: Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 2024.
R.R. Hake, Analyzing Change/Gain Scores, AREA-D American Education Research Association's Division D, 1999.
Y. Handayani, Sukari, Problematics of the education system in Indonesia, JUPENDIS: Journal of Education and Social Sciences 3 (1) (2025) 168-179.
R. Janah, K. Nurachadijat, Auditory and kinesthetic visual learning models in Qur'an lessons, Journal of Innovation, Evaluation, and Learning Development (JIEPP) 3 (2) (2023) 75-80.
M. Maksudi, W. Triono, Web-based mapping geographic information system for high school/vocational schools in Kuningan Regency, REMIK: Research and E-Journal of Computer Informatics Management 9 (2) (2025) 712-722.
M.F. Maulani, The Influence of the VAK (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic) learning model on the motivation of students of Harapan Mekar Medan Marelan Private Junior High School T.P. 2017/2018, Thesis, University of Muhammadiyah North Sumatra, 2018.
Rahmah, VAK learning model in learning, 2024.
D. Satria, I.H. Kusasih, G. Gusmaneli, Analysis of the low quality of education in Indonesia today: A literature review, Journal of Bintang Pendidikan Indonesia 3 (2) (2025) 292-309.
D. Setiana, A.N. Amelia, Implementation of e-learning on students' learning interests during the Covid-19 pandemic, Basicedu Journal 6 (1) (2022), doi:10.31004/basicedu.v6i1.1899. DOI
E.A. Silitonga, I. Magdalena, Student learning style at Cikokol 2 State Elementary School 2 Tangerang, PENSA: Journal of Education and Social Sciences 2 (1) (2020) 17-22.
Sudiantini et al., The effect of Tri Hita Karana-based Visualization, Auditory, Kinesthetic (VAK) learning model on PKn knowledge competence, 2019.
Sugiyono, Quantitative, Qualitative, and R&D Research Methods, Alfabeta, 2013.
Sugiyono, Quantitative, Qualitative, and R&D Research Methods, Alfabeta, 2017.
Suriaman, The Application of the VAK-based learning model in improving PPKn engagement and learning outcomes, 2024.
Triyan, DePorter: VAK learning model, 2019.
Zamhari, D. Noviani, Zainuddin, The development of education in Indonesia, MORFOLOGY: Journal of Education, Language, Literature and Culture 1 (5) (2023) 1-10.

Cite this article

Citation style

Wilda A'Inun Hidayah (2026). The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools. Journal of Education and Teaching Learning, 4(2), 644–650. https://doi.org/10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424

Wilda A'Inun Hidayah, “The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools,” Journal of Education and Teaching Learning, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 644–650, 2026, doi: 10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424.

Wilda A'Inun Hidayah. “The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools.” Journal of Education and Teaching Learning, vol. 4, no. 2, 2026, pp. 644–650. https://doi.org/10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424.

Wilda A'Inun Hidayah. 2026. “The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools.” Journal of Education and Teaching Learning 4 (2): 644–650. https://doi.org/10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424.

Wilda A'Inun Hidayah (2026) ‘The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools’, Journal of Education and Teaching Learning, 4(2), pp. 644–650. doi: 10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424.

Wilda A'Inun Hidayah. The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools. Journal of Education and Teaching Learning. 2026;4(2):644–650. doi:10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424

@article{wildaainunhidayah2026,
  author = {Wilda A'Inun Hidayah},
  title = {The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools},
  journal = {Journal of Education and Teaching Learning},
  year = {2026},
  volume = {4},
  number = {2},
  pages = {644--650},
  doi = {10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424},
  issn = {2986-3015},
  publisher = {PT Media Jurnal dan Pendidikan}
}

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Wilda A'Inun Hidayah
TI  - The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools
JO  - Journal of Education and Teaching Learning
PY  - 2026
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
SP  - 644
EP  - 650
DO  - 10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424
UR  - https://doi.org/10.59211/mjpjetl.v4i2.424
SN  - 2986-3015
PB  - PT Media Jurnal dan Pendidikan
ER  -

Share

WhatsApp
X
Facebook
LinkedIn
E-mail

Comments

Comments are checked by the editorial team before they appear. Keep to the article's content; personal attacks, advertising and spam are removed.

Loading comments…

Write a comment

Please log in to comment. Log in

Loading the PDF…

Download Article page

Report a concern about this article

Use this form to tell the editorial team about an error, plagiarism, image or data manipulation, an authorship dispute or another concern. The editors handle it under the journal's Corrections and retractions policy. The authors are not told who reported it. Read the Corrections and retractions policy

The effect of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic (VAK) learning models on PPKn learning outcomes in elementary schools

Website

What is the concern? * Error in data, results or text Plagiarism or duplicate publication Image or data manipulation, fabrication Authorship or affiliation dispute Research ethics, consent or conflict of interest Citation manipulation or wrong references Other

Where in the article? (section, page, figure or table) Describe the concern *What is wrong, why, and what should be corrected. At least 30 characters. Evidence links (optional, one per line)

Your details (seen only by the editorial team)

Full name * E-mail (not shown) * Institution Your relation to the article

Conflicts of interest (optional) I confirm the report is made in good faith and the editorial team may contact me about it.